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1-Understanding the biology was key










                        Naive                        Activated                           Exhausted                        Reinvigorated
                        T Cell                          T Cell                               T Cell                             T Cell



                                                                                          Negative                            Positive                   •   T-cell clonal expansion
                        Positive                                                            Signal                              Signal                   •   Cytokine secretion
                         Signal                                                                                                                          •   Effector functions
                                                                                                                                                         •   Tumour-directed migration



                                                                                                        PD-1                                  PD-1
  Signal       TCR                  CD28      Signal                                                                                                 BMS-936558
               AG
     1         MHC                  B7           2                                                      PD-L1
                                                                                                                                                       PD-L1




                                          •  T-cell clonal expansion
                                          •  Cytokine secretion
                                          •  Effector functions
                                          •  Tumour-directed migration

                       APC or                                                               APC or                             APC or
                   Tumour cell                                                          Tumour cell                        Tumour cell



       AG, antigen; APC, antigen presenting cell; MHC, major histocompatibility complex;               Adapted from Brahmer JR et al. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:3167-3175 and
       PD-1, programmed death-1; TCR, T-cell receptor.
                                                                                                                             Keir ME et al. Annu Rev Immunol. 2008;26:677-704.
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